Overcoming the challenges of salinity
-Diffusion- If molecules are concentrated in one part of the solution, this movement spreads them out until they're evenly distributed
-Whenever the internal composition of a cell differs from that on the outside, substances tend to move in or out of the cell by diffusion
-Osmosis- the diffusion of water across a selectively permeable membrane
-Diffusion and osmosis always mover materials from high concentrations to low
-Cells often need to move materials in the opposite direction
-Active transport- proteins in the cell membrane pump materials in the opposite direction
-Osmoconformers- some organisms cannot maintain their salt and water balance
-Osmoregulates- some organisms can control their internal concentrations of salt and water
-Whenever the internal composition of a cell differs from that on the outside, substances tend to move in or out of the cell by diffusion
-Osmosis- the diffusion of water across a selectively permeable membrane
-Diffusion and osmosis always mover materials from high concentrations to low
-Cells often need to move materials in the opposite direction
-Active transport- proteins in the cell membrane pump materials in the opposite direction
-Osmoconformers- some organisms cannot maintain their salt and water balance
-Osmoregulates- some organisms can control their internal concentrations of salt and water
Overcoming Challenges of temperature
-Metabolic Reactions proceed faster at higher temperatures and slow quickly as it gets colder
-Most reactions occur 2x as fast with each 18 degree(Fahrenheit) increases in temperature
-Enzymes stop functioning in extreme temperatures
-Ectotherms- organisms that lose metabolic heat to the environment w/out affecting its body temperature
-Endotherms- Organisms that retain some metabolic heat, which raises its body temperature, "warm-blooded"
-Poikilotherms- Temperature changes with surroundings
Mammals and some birds can regulate their internal temperatures
-Most reactions occur 2x as fast with each 18 degree(Fahrenheit) increases in temperature
-Enzymes stop functioning in extreme temperatures
-Ectotherms- organisms that lose metabolic heat to the environment w/out affecting its body temperature
-Endotherms- Organisms that retain some metabolic heat, which raises its body temperature, "warm-blooded"
-Poikilotherms- Temperature changes with surroundings
Mammals and some birds can regulate their internal temperatures
Surface to Volume Ratio
-Salt and heat flow in and out of organisms
-Organisms exchange nutrients, waste, products, and gases with their environment
-Amount of surface area relative to the total amount or volume of an organism
-Size determines the S/V ratio
-Single-celled ones
-Single cells rely on diffusion across their surfaces where as larger ones develop supplementary mechanisms such as respiratory and excretory systems
-Most important factor in life is to reproduce
-Organisms must do 2 things to reproduce. First they must produce new individuals to perpetuate the species. Second, they must pass on the genetic information to their offspring called heredity
-Organisms exchange nutrients, waste, products, and gases with their environment
-Amount of surface area relative to the total amount or volume of an organism
-Size determines the S/V ratio
-Single-celled ones
-Single cells rely on diffusion across their surfaces where as larger ones develop supplementary mechanisms such as respiratory and excretory systems
-Most important factor in life is to reproduce
-Organisms must do 2 things to reproduce. First they must produce new individuals to perpetuate the species. Second, they must pass on the genetic information to their offspring called heredity
Reproduction
-Cells divide to form new daughter cells
-Prokaryotes divide in a simple process called binary fission
-Before the cell divides it replicates its DNA
-Mitosis- complex process in Eukaryotes' nucleus, most common form of Eukaryotic cell division
-An individual reproduces without a partner in asexual reproduction
-This creates exact copies or clones of the parent
-Primary way single-celled organisms reproduce
-Fission- multicellular organisms split asexually
-Budding- a parent develops small growths that will break away to become separate individuals
-Most multicellular and some unicellular organisms produce part or all of the time sexually
-Gametes
-Special germ tissue
-Meiosis
-Diploid- Chromosomes occur in pairs
-Haploid- Half the normal number of chromosomes
-Eggs- female, Sperm- male
-Prokaryotes divide in a simple process called binary fission
-Before the cell divides it replicates its DNA
-Mitosis- complex process in Eukaryotes' nucleus, most common form of Eukaryotic cell division
-An individual reproduces without a partner in asexual reproduction
-This creates exact copies or clones of the parent
-Primary way single-celled organisms reproduce
-Fission- multicellular organisms split asexually
-Budding- a parent develops small growths that will break away to become separate individuals
-Most multicellular and some unicellular organisms produce part or all of the time sexually
-Gametes
-Special germ tissue
-Meiosis
-Diploid- Chromosomes occur in pairs
-Haploid- Half the normal number of chromosomes
-Eggs- female, Sperm- male
The Diversity of Life in the Sea
-The sea of life is diverse because of the theory of evolution
-Evolution is because individual organisms have genetic differences in finding food, producing offspring, in their metabolism, and in other ways
-The best adapted individuals with the most success in exceeding the challenges in the environment produce many offspring on average because the organism is well adapted
-One goal of biological classification is to give an accepted name to the different kinds of organisms so that scientists from all over the world can call the species by a name
-Biological species concept defines species as populations of organisms that have common characteristics and can have success in breeding
-When two populations are not able to interbreed then they are reproductively isolated
-Biological Nomenclature is a two name system which is a name of their genus and species
-Phylogeny explains that groups of organisms are related
-Phylogenetics is the study of evolutionary relationships
-The groups of prokaryotes are archaea and bacteria, organisms are plantae or animalia
-Viruses are coded in RNA or DNA
-Evolution is because individual organisms have genetic differences in finding food, producing offspring, in their metabolism, and in other ways
-The best adapted individuals with the most success in exceeding the challenges in the environment produce many offspring on average because the organism is well adapted
-One goal of biological classification is to give an accepted name to the different kinds of organisms so that scientists from all over the world can call the species by a name
-Biological species concept defines species as populations of organisms that have common characteristics and can have success in breeding
-When two populations are not able to interbreed then they are reproductively isolated
-Biological Nomenclature is a two name system which is a name of their genus and species
-Phylogeny explains that groups of organisms are related
-Phylogenetics is the study of evolutionary relationships
-The groups of prokaryotes are archaea and bacteria, organisms are plantae or animalia
-Viruses are coded in RNA or DNA
Evolutionary Perspectives
- How cells arose
-Mitochondria are free-living bacteria
-Mitochondria has a little of its own DNA
-Mitochondria resembles bacteria in many ways including cell division
-Believe mitochondria were bacteria that came to live inside other cells using them as hosts
-Different organisms living together is called symbiosis
-Hosts couldn't use oxygen but bacteria provided it to their host giving advantage
-Host cells transmitted bacteria genes to its own nucleus and they are now dependent of each other
-Chloroplasts were the same
-Mitochondria and chloroplast are thought to have come from symbiotic bacteria
- Fish moved to land